History

linux Distribuation

• linux was source code
• Kali linux was kernel
• List of Some Distros(Distributions)
  • CentOS
  • ubuntu
  • redhat
  • debian
  • etc…

Root Password

• restart → click Kali advance → Press E →[ Find ro and Change to rw, add init=/bin/bash ] → press Ctrl + X logseq.order-list-type:: number
• System will reboot logseq.order-list-type:: number
• Write [ passwd root ] logseq.order-list-type:: number
• {write New Password} logseq.order-list-type:: number
• exec /sbin/init → press Enter logseq.order-list-type:: number

Linux Fundamental

KERNEL

• The Kernel is a computer Program at The core Of a computer’s Operating System With complete control Over everything in the system
• Facilitates interactions Between Hardware And Software Components
• It handles peripherals like Keyboards, Monitors , Printers and Speakers
• Kernel is responsible for deciding Which memory each process Use
• differant kernals in different OS : -
  • mac - XNU
  • windows - windows Nt kernel 10
  • android - Linux
• File Locations : -
  • windows - SYSTEM Files(c drive)/ Windows/System32/ntkernel.exe
  • Linux - # cd /boot → vmlinuz-5.3.0-kali2-amd64

Types Of KERNEL

• Monolithic Kernel - Linux ⇒ every process controls By kernel
• Microkernel ⇒ User Space(system memory for application) and Kernel Space divide , Small
• Hybrid Kernel - Windows ⇒ mixture Both Kernel

SHELL

• Shell and Kernel are Parts of Operating Systems
• user gives command → Request will goes to the Shell (user can’t directly asses kernel)
• Shell is like translator convert user language to Kernel language (human lag → machine lag)
• Shell provide Environment to run script and command
• .

Types Of Shell

• Borne Shell - Unix ⇒ Write in c , /bin/sh is default prompt
• Bash Shell -linux ⇒ advance of Borne Shell , $ is default prompt
• C shell ⇒ Fully Base on C ,% is default promt

Linux File System hierarchy

• Filesystem Hierarchy Standard(FHS) started in 1993
• Goal was to come to consensus on How directories Should be organized and which files should be stored Where.
• Files Information: -
  • ROOT → [/bin , /boot , /dev , /etc , /home , /lib , /media , /mnt , /opt , /root , /sbin , /srv , /tmp , /usr , /var]
  • /root ⇒root User Home directories
  • /bin ⇒ all binarys , like exe files
  • /boot ⇒ booting imformation , kernel ,
  • /dev ⇒ all drivers and all hardwere files
  • /etc ⇒ users information/passwords/ groups … main confiration files
  • /home ⇒ User home directories
  • /lib ⇒ contains shared lib images needed to boot system and run commands in root
  • /media ⇒ mount point for removable media , exra drive , cd , dvd (auto manage by system)
  • /mnt ⇒ same as media but temporarily , pen drive , card reader (we can manage manualy)
  • /opt ⇒ add-on application pakages
  • /sbin ⇒ Utilities used For System administration
  • /srv ⇒ site-specific data which is served by this system (apache http server )
  • /tmp ⇒ Temp Files
  • usr ⇒ user related data / applications and files used by users
  • /var ⇒ variable data files , This includes files , administrative and login data and temp files
  • /proc ⇒ contains Special Files That represent system and process Information
  • /lost+found ⇒ used got recovering files which are not Properly closed or Crashed
  • /run ⇒ contains system information data describing the system was booted

Linux File Types

• 7 types of File in Linux
  • • : regular file ⇒ most comman files (txt , mp4 …)
  • d : directory ⇒ second most command (peripherals (keybord ,mouse) )
  • c : characher device file ⇒ allows to communicate with hardware peripheral devices
  • b : block device file ⇒ -------^|^
  • s : local socket file ⇒ provide sockets communication between processes
  • p : named pipe ⇒ this pipe allow communication between two local processes.
  • i : symbolic link ⇒ 1 file redirect to 2 file
• File permission
  • r , w, x ⇒ read , write , exicute (4 , 2 , 1 ) = 7
  • chown {user} {filename} ⇒ file assign to user
  • chown : {group name} {filename} ⇒ assign New Group
  • chmod a=rwx {file name} ⇒ it will change all user permission
  • chmod u+rwx , go+rw {file name} ⇒ specifiy permission for user and group
  • strings {file path} ⇒ read binary files

Command Lines

• Open command line and code
• Touch Command logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • touch {file name.extenstion } ⇒ create singal file logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • touch {file{1..5}.extention} ⇒ create multiple files logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • touch -am {file name} ⇒ access last modification file time logseq.order-list-type:: number
• ls ⇒ for list logseq.order-list-type:: number
• ls -l ⇒ Show details logseq.order-list-type:: number
• file {file name } ⇒ show type of file logseq.order-list-type:: number
• rm ⇒ delete file logseq.order-list-type:: number
• cp ⇒ copy file logseq.order-list-type:: number
• mkdir ⇒ making file directory logseq.order-list-type:: number
• cd ⇒ for go in directory logseq.order-list-type:: number
• mv ⇒ move file logseq.order-list-type:: number
• mv {file name} {rename file name} ⇒ rename file logseq.order-list-type:: number
• cat {file path} ⇒ view files logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • head -{lines num} {path} ⇒ first specific number of line logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • tail -{lines num} {path} ⇒ last specific numbers of line logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • cat > {filename} ⇒ create , write file data logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • cat > {filename} <<{stop/ any word} ⇒ write {stop/ any word} to close automatically logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • cat echo ⇒ see that file logseq.order-list-type:: number
• clear ⇒ clear terminal logseq.order-list-type:: number
• cd {path} ⇒ change location logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • cd ~ ⇒ This for User home directory logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • cd .. ⇒ back parent dir logseq.order-list-type:: number
• pwd (print working directory) ⇒ show working directory logseq.order-list-type:: number
• man {command} ⇒ see full manual of command logseq.order-list-type:: number
• echo ⇒ show text in command line print logseq.order-list-type:: number
• echo > {filepath} ⇒ write and save path logseq.order-list-type:: number
• Special Keys Strokets : - logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • Ctrl + A ⇒ moves cursor to beginning of the line logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • Ctrl + B ⇒ moves cursor backward one character logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • Ctrl + C ⇒ cancle current running command logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • Ctrl + D ⇒ logs out current session logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • Ctrl + E ⇒ move cursor and to the line logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • Ctrl + F ⇒ Move cursor forward one character logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • Ctrl + H ⇒ Erase one character/ backspace logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • Ctrl + P ⇒ paste previous line logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • Ctrl + R ⇒ Allows to search previously used command logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • Ctrl + S ⇒ Stops all output on-screen logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • Ctrl + Q ⇒ loses and application window logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • Ctrl + U ⇒ Erases the complete line logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • Ctrl + W ⇒ deletes The last word typed logseq.order-list-type:: number

Control opraters

• ; ⇒ This multiple command in ones
• & ⇒ it’s run in background
• && ⇒ it’s check command was right or Not
• hash/pung ( # ) ⇒ comments
• history ⇒ show past cmd lines

I/O Redirection

• echo >> ⇒ this will not do over write in file

Filter and Pipes

• | ⇒ pipe symbol used to 2 combine 2 cmd
• grep ⇒ used to grep/ perticuler thing find

Vi - vim

• This is basic text editer in kali
• vim {name}.sh ⇒ sh for shell scripting
• i ⇒ for insert in script

• ps ⇒ show all process
• kill {process id} ⇒ terminate process id
• kill -9 {p id} ⇒ kill forcefully

User / groups management

account types

• root ⇒ all permission / super user
• Service ⇒ for installation packages
• User ⇒ normal for user
• Group ⇒ manage multiple account
• adduser ⇒ cmd for make user (fill all details)
• useradd ⇒ also create user but Not Profile
• userdel {username} ⇒ user will delete but not dir
• userdel -rf {username} ⇒ This is delete forcefully
• 4 type of diretory
  • /etc/passwd ⇒ all user ac and pass info
  • /etc/shadow ⇒ encrypted password of the corresponding account
  • /etc/group ⇒ contains group info for each account
  • /etc/gshadow ⇒ secure group ac info (password)

Group

• All info can see in ⇒ /etc/group | tail -n 2
• 2 types of group
  • primary - autocreate when make new user logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • secondary - This group manually manage logseq.order-list-type:: number
• groupadd {group name} ⇒ cmd for make new Group
• usermod -g {group name} {username} ⇒ add user in 1 group
• usermod -G {group number1} , {gn2} … {username} ⇒ add 1 user in multiple Group

Kali Tools

john

• This will unlock hash password logseq.order-list-type:: number
• used different strings patterns logseq.order-list-type:: number
• Faster in simple password logseq.order-list-type:: number

• HTT Track - EDU Only logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • Download form Browser logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • install logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • This Will clone Internet website logseq.order-list-type:: number
  • path ⇒ main drive /my website logseq.order-list-type:: number