Explanation

- A **Circular Buffer** is a data structure that works like a fixed-size queue, but it "wraps around" once it reaches the end, making it ideal for situations where a continuous stream of data must be processed, such as in real-time systems or buffering.

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Steps

• Initialize the buffer with a fixed size.
• Add data to the buffer and keep track of the current position (write pointer).
• When the buffer reaches its end, wrap around to the beginning.
• Read data from the buffer by maintaining a separate read pointer.

Time Complexity

• Insertion: O(1)
• Deletion: O(1)

class CircularBuffer:
    def __init__(self, size):
        self.size = size
        self.buffer = [None] * size
        self.write_ptr = 0
        self.read_ptr = 0
    
    def write(self, value):
        self.buffer[self.write_ptr] = value
        self.write_ptr = (self.write_ptr + 1) % self.size
    
    def read(self):
        value = self.buffer[self.read_ptr]
        self.read_ptr = (self.read_ptr + 1) % self.size
        return value
 
# Example usage
cb = CircularBuffer(5)
cb.write(1)
cb.write(2)
print(cb.read())  # Outputs: 1